Tuesday, March 7, 2017
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Jezreel Valley 耶斯列谷 & Lower Galilee 下加利利
Contents`
Jezreel Valley 耶斯列谷
接連在亞設海岸平原(the plain of Asher)的南端，有著一個從西北走向東南而達於約但河谷的谷地名為耶斯列谷。這谷地的底邊，起於西北方的迦密山(Carmel
Range)，向東南的基利波山(Mt. Gilboa) 延伸，而接連於撒瑪利亞山地。谷地的另一邊，與下加利利丘陵帶相接壤。這個在現今的以色列國，被稱為Emeq Yizreel(耶斯列谷)的谷地，就是以賽亞書28：1, 4兩節所提到的「肥美谷」。英文的聖經，稱它為the
fertile valley (NAS及NIV)。
呂榮輝教授編寫 (資料來源：2011聖經地理講義，p.152)
聖經至少有四個跟耶斯列有關的地方。
猶大山地的耶斯列
第一個是在猶大山地，跟瑪雲、迦密、西弗，淤他等地同時被分給猶大支派的一城。這城位於希伯崙西南方9公里之處（書15:55-57）。大衛離開掃羅王的女兒米甲以後，在逃亡中最先娶的妻子亞希暖，就是這個耶斯列的人（撒上25:43；撒下2:2）。
基利波山山麓的耶斯列
聖經中的第二個耶斯列，是坐落在靠近基利波山（Mt. Gilboa）山麓的一個城。這個位於同名之谷地中的耶斯列城，原是在分給以薩迦支派所得之十座城地區的邊界上（書19:17-23）。這個扼摩利崗和基波利山之間隘口的城，就是亞哈王行宮之所在地（王上18:45-46；21:1）。那位拜巴力偶像、無惡不作的王后耶洗別，當年就是住在這城裡（王上21:23）。當背叛亞哈王的耶戶來到耶斯列的時候，耶洗別「擦粉、梳頭，從窗戶裏往外觀看」迎接耶戶，但卻讓耶戶命令太監從王宮窗戶把她扔下去致死（王下9:30-33）；這就應驗了先知以利亞、因她所作搶奪拿伯葡萄園之惡事所說的預言（王上21:1-16, 23）。
耶斯列谷
第三個就是肥沃的耶斯列谷。這谷地的東部，把加利利從撒瑪利亞山地分隔開來。谷地從耶斯列城，也就是摩利崗和基利波山之間的隘口開始，地形逐漸往東，朝著約但河方向下降，到扼守這谷地東邊入口的伯珊那裡。耶斯列谷中段較寬廣的部份，有時候被稱為以斯對倫（Esdraelon）平原。但耶斯列和以斯對倫這兩個名，所指的是同一個名副其實的「肥美谷」（The Fat Valley，見賽28:1，詳見本網站「肥美谷」）。這谷地之所以被冠上「肥美」兩字，是因為谷中土壤膏腴，水源不缺，農產豐富，今日成為以色列國名符其實的的糧倉。
但是這個谷地，又是重要的戰場及戰徑。歷來在這谷中所發生的主要戰事有： (1) 底波拉和巴拉打敗夏瑣王耶賓將軍西西拉和他所統管的九百輛戰車，並且使西西拉和他的全軍「都倒在刀下，沒有留下一人」（士4:4-16）。(2) 基甸用安營在哈律泉旁的三百人，打敗了安營在靠近摩利崗平原「多如海邊之沙」的米甸人和亞瑪力人（士6:1-7:25）。(3)掃羅在基利波山殉國之戰（撒上31:1-13）。
近代的戰爭則有：拿破崙在這谷地中打敗鄂圖曼的突厥軍，以及第一次世界大戰英國將軍阿蘭比在這谷中的戰果。啟示錄所提未來哈米吉多頓（Har-megiddon）之戰（啟16:16），可能將發生位於谷地西南方的米吉多山（Mt. Megiddo）。
耶斯列泉：
當非利士人跟掃羅打最後一次仗時，他們的軍旅聚集到亞弗；以色列人的也移動他們軍隊安營在耶斯列的泉旁（撒上29:1））。
通道
貫穿本谷地的通道，以下列兩條為最重要：
1) 其一，是從西北方的亞設平原，經扼守下加利利山地和迦密山隘口的夏羅設而進入谷地，再順迦密山麓往東南方向走，經約念、米吉多、他納、以伯蓮，再從伯珊而出肥美谷，然後與約但河谷的南北通道相銜接。
2) 另一條是從東北方向走經下加利利丘陵，在拿撒勒丘陵和他泊山之間的道路，這路經過耶斯列谷，再由米吉多隘口穿越迦密山而進入沿海平原。這條常被誤稱為以賽亞書中「沿海大道」（Via Maris）的通道，自古以來就是一條很重要的國際商道：北達敘利亞的大馬色，南到埃及。並且也是歷來軍旅必經和必征的要道。詳見筆者所譯之《聖經地理》第十三章「肥美谷」。
巴勒斯坦的交通要道 (地圖來源：呂譯《聖經地理》第116頁)
The Jezreel Valley, Hub of International Routes
The Jezreel Valley is a wide, flat, triangular-shaped
plain. Each of its sides is about 20 miles long. It is only 200 feet above sea level
and is one of the region's agricultural breadbaskets. The low, flat Jezreel
Valley divides the central mountains of the Promised Land, separating
mountainous Judea-Samaria on the south from Galilee to the north. As such the
Jezreel Valley is a hub of routes, where, as we will see, much biblical history
took place. Events unfold here in the lives of Joshua, Deborah, Barak, Saul,
Elisha, Ahab, Josiah, Jesus, and others. So much history occurred here since
the international routes, avoiding the higher mountainous terrain, run in and
out of the Jezreel Valley. George Adam Smith, a 19th century Scottish
theologian and geographer whose book Historical Geography of the Holy Land went
through numerous printings, described how the routes in and out of the Jezreel
Valley are
passes to the sea and to the desert
– gates on the great road between the empires of Euphrates and Nile, between
continents of Asia and Africa… a vast theater with its clearly-defined stage,
with its proper exits and entrances…(Smith 1894, 254)
The green arrows of Thutmoses III's campaign
illustrate these entrances and exits to the Jezreel Valley. From near Megiddo,
one route travels along the foot of Mt. Carmel to the northwest, reaching to Acco
and beyond on the Mediterranean coast. Another route travels in a southeast
extension of the Jezreel Valley, called the Harod Valley, toward Beth-shan and
beyond to Gilead in Transjordan. A third, and perhaps most important branch of
the Great International Highway travels northeast toward the Sea of Galilee,
then north past Hazor and Laish, off the map into Lebanon,
Syria, and beyond. Thutmose traveled on this route to reach his main
competitor at the time, the kingdom of Mitanni, off our map in northern
Mesopotamia.
We return to the Jezreel Valley to emphasize the importance
of the site of Megiddo. The strategic position of Megiddo stems from the
land's geography. Megiddo guards the Great International route, astride a pass
through Mt. Carmel that connects the Jezreel Valley to the Sharon Plain.
Archaeological evidence at Megiddo attests to its importance from the earliest
Canaanite periods through to the Roman period. The site's military significance
is reflected by reference to it as a gathering point of armies in the Book of
Revelation, as Armageddon means "Hill of Megiddo" (Revelation
16:16).
Pharaoh Amenhotep II
Pharaoh Amenhotep II, son of
Thutmose III, recorded two campaigns into Canaan. Sites he mentioned are shown underlined
in orange. Map 4-4 Egyptian Expansion into Canaan: 18th Dynasty,
Thutmose III 17
The two Pharaohs shown on
this map, Thutmose III and Amenhotep II, although not mentioned by name
in the Bible, may be the pharaohs associated with the Exodus of Israel from
Egypt. If one combines the chronological data as presented in the Bible
with secular Egyptian history, Thutmose III was the Pharaoh from whom Moses,
when he was 40 years old, fled into the wilderness of Midian (Exodus 2:15, 23).
Pharaoh Amenhotep II was the Pharaoh at the time of the Israelite Exodus from
Egypt (Merrill 57-64).
Jokneam Pass 約念通道
Joshua
12:22
12:22 the king of Kedesh (one),
the king of
Jokneam near Carmel (one),
Joshua 19:11
19:11 Their
border went up westward to Maralah and touched Dabbesheth and the valley near
Jokneam.
Joshua 21:34
21:34 They
assigned to the Merarite clans (the remaining Levites) the following cities:
from the tribe of Zebulun: Jokneam, Kartah, [1]
Mt. Tabor 他泊山
Judges
4:6
4:6 She
summoned Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. She said to him, “Is it
not true that the Lord God of
Israel is commanding you? Go, march to Mount Tabor! Take with you ten thousand
men from Naphtali and Zebulun!
Judges 4:12
4:12 When
Sisera heard that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor,
Judges 4:14
4:14 Deborah
said to Barak, “Spring into action, for this is the day the Lord is handing Sisera over to you! Has
the Lord not taken the lead?”
Barak quickly went down from Mount Tabor with ten thousand men following him.
Judges 8:18
8:18 He
said to Zebah and Zalmunna, “Describe for me the men you killed at Tabor.” They
said, “They were like you. Each one looked like a king’s son.”
1 Samuel 10:3
10:3 “As
you continue on from there, you will come to the tall tree of Tabor. At that
point three men who are going up to God at Bethel will meet you. One of them
will be carrying three young goats, one of them will be carrying three round
loaves of bread, and one of them will be carrying a container of wine.
1 Chronicles 6:77
6:77 The
following belonged to the rest of Merari’s descendants:
Within the territory of the tribe of
Zebulun: Rimmono and its pasturelands, and Tabor and its pasturelands.
Psalm 89:12
89:12 You created the north and the south.
Tabor and Hermon
rejoice in your name.
Jeremiah 46:18
46:18 I the King, whose name is the Lord who rules over all, swear this:
I swear as surely
as I live that a conqueror is coming.
He will be as
imposing as Mount Tabor is among the mountains,
as Mount Carmel
is against the backdrop of the sea.
Hosea 5:1
Announcement of Sin and Judgment
5:1 Hear
this, you priests!
Pay attention,
you Israelites!
Listen closely, O
king!
For judgment is
about to overtake you!
For you were like
a trap to Mizpah,
like a net spread
out to catch Tabor. [3]
Hazor夏瑣
Joshua
11:1
Israel Defeats a Northern Coalition
11:1 When
King Jabin of Hazor heard the news, he organized a coalition, including King
Jobab of Madon, the king of Shimron, the king of Acshaph,
Joshua 11:10
11:10 At
that time Joshua turned, captured Hazor, and struck down its king with the
sword, for Hazor was at that time the leader of all these kingdoms.
10 當時，約書亞轉回奪了夏瑣，用刀擊殺夏瑣王。（素來夏瑣在這諸國中是為首的。）
Joshua 11:11
11:11 They
annihilated everyone who lived there with the sword—no one who breathed
remained—and burned Hazor.
Joshua 11:13
11:13 But
Israel did not burn any of the cities located on mounds, except for Hazor; it
was the only one Joshua burned. [4]
Ophrah俄弗拉
Joshua
18:23
18:23 Avvim,
Parah, Ophrah,
Judges 6:11
Gideon Meets Some Visitors
6:11 The Lord’s angelic messenger came and sat
down under the oak tree in Ophrah owned by Joash the Abiezrite. He arrived
while Joash’s son Gideon was threshing wheat in a winepress so he could hide it
from the Midianites.
Judges 6:24
6:24 Gideon
built an altar for the Lord there,
and named it “The Lord is on
friendly terms with me.” To this day it is still there in Ophrah of the
Abiezrites.
於是基甸在那裏為耶和華築了一座壇，起名叫「耶和華沙龍」。（這壇在亞比以謝族的俄弗拉直到如今。）
Judges 8:27
8:27 Gideon
used all this to make an ephod, which he put in his hometown of Ophrah. All the
Israelites prostituted themselves to it by worshiping it there. It became a
snare to Gideon and his family.
Judges 8:32
8:32 Gideon
son of Joash died at a very old age and was buried in the tomb of his father
Joash located in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
Judges 9:5
9:5 He
went to his father’s home in Ophrah and murdered his half-brothers, the seventy
legitimate sons of Jerub-Baal, on one stone. Only Jotham, Jerub-Baal’s youngest
son, escaped, because he hid.
1 Samuel 13:17
13:17 Raiding
bands went out from the camp of the Philistines in three groups. One band
turned toward the road leading to Ophrah by the land of Shual;
1 Chronicles 4:14
4:14 Meonothai
was the father of Ophrah.
Seraiah was the father of Joab, the father of
those who live in Ge Harashim, who were craftsmen.
Gennesaret革尼撒勒
Matthew
14:34
14:34 After
they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret.
Mark 6:53
Healing the Sick
6:53 After
they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret and anchored there.
Luke 5:1
The Call of the Disciples
5:1 Now
Jesus was standing by the Lake of Gennesaret, and the crowd was pressing around
him to hear the word of God.
Mt. Gilboa 基利波山
2
Samuel 1:6
1:6 The
young man who was telling him this said, “I just happened to be on Mount Gilboa
and came across Saul leaning on his spear for support. The chariots and leaders
of the horsemen were in hot pursuit of him.
2 Samuel 1:21
1:21 O mountains of Gilboa,
may there be no
dew or rain on you, nor fields of grain offerings!
For it was there
that the shield of warriors was defiled;
the shield of
Saul lies neglected without oil.
2 Samuel 21:12
21:12 he
went and took the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan from the leaders of
Jabesh Gilead. (They had secretly taken them from the plaza at Beth Shan. It
was there that Philistines publicly exposed their corpses after they had killed
Saul at Gilboa.)
1 Chronicles 10:1
Saul’s Death
10:1 Now
the Philistines fought against Israel. The Israelites fled before the
Philistines and many of them fell dead on Mount Gilboa.
1 Chronicles 10:8
10:8 The
next day, when the Philistines came to strip loot from the corpses, they
discovered Saul and his sons lying dead on Mount Gilboa. [5]
Shimron伸崙
Genesis
46:13
46:13 The sons of Issachar:
Tola, Puah,
Jashub, and Shimron.
Numbers 26:24
26:24 from
Jashub, the family of the Jashubites; and from Shimron, the family of the
Shimronites.
Joshua 11:1
Israel Defeats a Northern Coalition
11:1 When
King Jabin of Hazor heard the news, he organized a coalition, including King
Jobab of Madon, the king of Shimron, the king of Acshaph,
Joshua 12:20
12:20 the king of Shimron Meron (one),
the king of
Acshaph (one),
Joshua 19:15
19:15 Their
territory included Kattah, Nahalal, Shimron, Idalah, and Bethlehem; in all they
had twelve cities and their towns.
1 Chronicles 7:1
Issachar’s Descendants
7:1 The
sons of Issachar:
Tola, Puah, Jashub, and Shimron—four in all.
[6]
Lower
Galilee 下加利利
Nazareth 拿撒勒 - 耶穌的家鄉
拿撒勒位於米吉多東北約 17 公里，耶斯列之北約 17 公里，是一個現今約有三萬餘人的小鎮，居民多數是阿拉伯人基督徒。舊城在西方較高之處，地處於下加利利山脈的最南端一高地(高約 600 公尺)的山谷中(高約 370 公尺)。
在舊約中，拿撒勒這個名字是不見經傳的。甚至在耶穌的時代，拿撒勒也不過是一個位於泄否里斯以南不到5公里之處的小村莊。這個座落在拿撒勒山地、黙黙無聞的小村子，估計當時的人口還不到五百人。難怪拿但業會問：「拿撒勒還能出甚麼好的嗎?」(約1:46)。
拿撒勒東邊不到10公里處，有一個在以色列歷史上頗負盛名的他泊山。在士師時代，上帝透過女先知底波拉，吩咐巴拉帶著一萬人從他泊山下來，使夏瑣王耶賓的將軍西西拉、全軍覆沒於耶斯列谷(士4:4-16)。從拿撒勒山地向南俯視，所見之平原就是這個谷地。
從拿撒勒俯瞰耶斯列平原(Dilys Tsai 攝)
在新約中，有時稱拿撒勒為「城 (Polis)」(例：太2:23)；但我們不應該太在意或著重這個「城」字。按路加福音的說法，拿撒勒是馬利亞和約瑟的家鄉(路2:4-5)，但馬太卻似乎隱示他們家鄉是在伯利恆 (太1:18-2:15)。不過拿撒勒一向都被認為是耶穌的家鄉；連耶穌也以它為「自己的家鄉」(太13:54；可6:1；路4:16)。耶穌在拿撒勒長大後就離開這裏，到迦百農去開始祂的事奉(太4:13)。福音書都有同樣的看法：耶穌是以拿撒勒為祂的家鄉(參太13:54-58；可6:1-16；路4:16-30)。祭司亞拿尼亞和辯士帖土羅甚至稱保羅為「拿撒勒教黨」裡的一個頭目(徒24:5)。
基督徒到拿撒勒去朝聖，是在主曆第四紀以後的事。君士坦丁大帝信奉基督教以後，人們才到拿撒勒來尋找 「聖蹟」， 並且在遺址上建紀念堂。今日最負盛名的，莫過於「報喜堂」(Church of
Annunciation) 和「聖約瑟堂」(Church
of St. Joseph)。前者建在傳統認為是馬利亞洞居之家的上面；後者建在傳統認為是約瑟之家的遺址
Cana 迦拿
耶穌行的第一個神跡的地方
Gath-Hopher
先知約拿的家鄉.2 miles from
Nazareth.
Sepphoris
羅馬時代是個重要的城市，在耶穌時是加利利的首府
Hannathon哈拿頓
Joshua 19:14
19:14 It
then turned on the north to Hannathon and ended at the Valley of Iphtah El. [7]
又繞過尼亞的北邊，轉到哈拿頓，通到伊弗他•伊勒谷。
Harod
Valley哈律河谷
Hill of
Moreh – 摩利崗
Beth-Shan伯善/伯珊
Judge 7:1 Jerub-Baal (that is, Gideon) and his men got
up the next morning and camped near the spring of Harod. The Midianites were
camped north of them near the hill of Moreh in the valley. [8]
士師7：1 耶路•巴力就是基甸，他和一切跟隨的人早晨起來，在哈律泉旁安營。米甸營在他們北邊的平原，靠近摩利岡。
安全之家 House of safety, 和平之家 House of peace
伯珊位於加利利海南方27公里，在哈律河谷(Harod Valley)注入約但河處不遠，是一個極具戰略位置的地方。有一句猶太古語，稱讚伯珊肥沃的土地和豐沛的水源，說：「如果上帝的伊甸園在以色列，那麼伯珊就是伊甸園的大門。」因此，伯珊自銅石器時代至今，幾乎是持續穩定地一直有百姓居住。
1921年至1933年，由美國賓夕法尼亞大學的考古學教授C. S. Fisher, A. Rowe和G. M. Fitz Gerald進行了伯珊的考古挖掘。當時，廢墟上端的五個文化層次，幾乎全部被清除。1980年代，Yadin和Geva曾經在伯珊進行了一段短期間的考古挖掘；後來，Amihai
Mazar率領的希伯來大學考古團隊，在1989年至1996年繼續發掘。目前由廢墟中挖掘出土的重要遺址，包括了從中青銅器時代至晚青銅器時代一系列的神廟。
2007年呂榮輝教授聖地旅習團：伯珊廢墟(張百路攝影)
羅馬的龐貝將軍在主前63年重建伯珊，改名為西拖波利(Scythopolis)，意思是「西古提人的城邑」(city of the Scythian，參見西3:11)。它成為低加波利地區的首府，並且是「十邑」中唯一位於約但河西邊的城邑。在羅馬和拜占庭時期，伯珊持續成長成為一個繁榮的城市，直到主曆749年1月18日，它被一場地震完全地摧毀。這次地震所遺留的證據，包括許多列柱都倒向同一個方向。
2007年呂榮輝教授聖地旅習團：伯珊的露天劇場(張百路攝影)
伯珊在晚青銅器時代，是埃及統治迦南地區北部的行政中心。在塞提一世(Seti I)和蘭塞二世(Ramses II)的紀念碑銘文中，都提到伯珊；這些石碑目前存放在耶路撒冷的洛克菲勒博物館。此外，在伯珊還發現一個真人大小的蘭塞三世(Ramses III)雕像，以及許多其他埃及文的銘刻。這些遺物的出土，成為埃及統治迦南地區最明確的證據。
Shunem 書念
Joshua
19:18
19:18 Their
assigned land included Jezreel, Kesulloth, Shunem,
1 Samuel 28:4
28:4 The
Philistines assembled; they came and camped at Shunem. Saul mustered all Israel
and camped at Gilboa.
2 Kings 4:8
Elisha Gives Life to a Boy
4:8 One
day Elisha traveled to Shunem, where a prominent woman lived. She insisted that
he stop for a meal. So whenever he was passing through, he would stop in there
for a meal.
Mt. Carmel 迦密山
Joshua
12:22
12:22 the king of Kedesh (one),
the king of
Jokneam near Carmel (one),
Joshua 15:55
15:55 Maon,
Carmel, Ziph, Juttah,
Joshua 19:26
19:26 Alammelech,
Amad, and Mishal. Their border touched Carmel to the west and Shihor Libnath.
1 Samuel 15:12
15:12 Then
Samuel got up early to meet Saul the next morning. But Samuel was informed,
“Saul has gone to Carmel where he is setting up a monument for himself. Then
Samuel left and went down to Gilgal.”
1 Samuel 25:2
David Marries Abigail the
Widow of Nabal
25:2 There
was a man in Maon whose business was in Carmel. This man was very wealthy; he
owned three thousand sheep and a thousand goats. At that time he was shearing
his sheep in Carmel.
1 Samuel 25:5
25:5 he
sent ten servants, saying to them, “Go up to Carmel to see Nabal and give him
greetings in my name.
1 Samuel 25:7
25:7 Now
I hear that they are shearing sheep for you. When your shepherds were with us,
we neither insulted them nor harmed them the whole time they were in Carmel.
1 Samuel 25:40
25:40 So
the servants of David went to Abigail at Carmel and said to her, “David has
sent us to you to bring you back to be his wife.”
1 Kings 18:19
18:19 Now
send out messengers and assemble all Israel before me at Mount Carmel, as well
as the 450 prophets of Baal and 400 prophets of Asherah whom Jezebel supports.
1 Kings 18:20
18:20 Ahab
sent messengers to all the Israelites and had the prophets assemble at Mount
Carmel.
1 Kings 18:42
18:42 So
Ahab went on up to eat and drink, while Elijah climbed to the top of Carmel. He
bent down toward the ground and put his face between his knees.
2 Kings 2:25
2:25 From
there he traveled to Mount Carmel and then back to Samaria.
2 Kings 4:25
4:25 So
she went to visit the prophet at Mount Carmel. When he saw her at a distance,
he said to his servant Gehazi, “Look, it’s the Shunammite woman.
1 Chronicles 3:1
David’s Descendants
3:1 These
were the sons of David who were born to him in Hebron:
The firstborn was Amnon, whose mother was
Ahinoam from Jezreel;
the second was Daniel, whose mother was
Abigail from Carmel;
2 Chronicles 26:10
26:10 He
built towers in the desert and dug many cisterns, for he owned many herds in
the lowlands and on the plain. He had workers in the fields and vineyards in
the hills and in Carmel, for he loved agriculture.
Song of Solomon 7:5
7:5 Your head crowns you like Mount Carmel.
The locks of your
hair are like royal tapestries—
the king is held
captive in its tresses!
Isaiah 33:9
33:9 The land dries up and withers away;
the forest of
Lebanon shrivels up and decays.
Sharon is like
the desert;
Bashan and Carmel
are parched.
Isaiah 35:2
35:2 Let it richly bloom;
let it rejoice
and shout with delight!
It is given the
grandeur of Lebanon,
the splendor of
Carmel and Sharon.
They will see the
grandeur of the Lord,
the splendor of
our God.
Jeremiah 46:18
46:18 I the King, whose name is the Lord who rules over all, swear this:
I swear as surely
as I live that a conqueror is coming.
He will be as
imposing as Mount Tabor is among the mountains,
as Mount Carmel
is against the backdrop of the sea.
Jeremiah 50:19
50:19 But I will restore the flock of Israel to
their own pasture.
They will graze
on Mount Carmel and the land of Bashan.
They will eat
until they are full
on the hills of
Ephraim and the land of Gilead.
Amos 1:2
God Will Judge the Surrounding
Nations
1:2 Amos
said:
“The Lord comes roaring out of Zion;
from Jerusalem he
comes bellowing!
The shepherds’
pastures wilt;
the summit of
Carmel withers.”
Amos 9:3
9:3 Even if they were to hide on the top of
Mount Carmel,
I would hunt them
down and take them from there.
Even if they
tried to hide from me at the bottom of the sea,
from there I
would command the Sea Serpent to bite them. [9]
迦密山
迦密山為一山脈，起自亞柯灣的南岸，向東南延伸至多坍附近，以希曷立納河與中央山脈為界，略似三角形。其北端突出海中，形成了亞柯灣的一個岬角，現代的海法市即是依其東北山坡而建，是現今以色列的第一大港。迦密山脈並不高，平均僅457公尺；由於靠近地中海，並屬於地中海西風帶，氣候怡人，雨量較豐，使得遍山林木青翠，從而獲得Carmel這美名。Carmel字意為Orchard，即果園之意。先知以利亞求雨，並在迦密山向巴力的450個假先知挑戰，相傳即是今日的Mukhraka，位於約念西北西約兩公里處。以利亞勝過他們以後，把他們殺在山下的基順河邊(王上18章)。現今在迦密山中段的Mukhraka，有天主教在 1886 年所建，名叫 Monastery of St. Elijah 的修道院，院前廣場中立有一尊以利亞的全身銅像
巴海花園(The Bahá'í Gardens，或譯為巴哈伊花園)
在海法市中，有一座美麗的巴海花園，依著迦密山層層相疊，共有18層種滿花草的梯田平台，十分秀麗壯觀。其頂端為一座具有金色圓頂的雄偉建築，名為「巴海神殿」，那是巴海教先知的陵寢，原先在1909年建成，後在1948-1953年擴建成現在的規模，並在2008年，被載入世界遺產名錄。巴海教為一新興獨立的宗教，源自伊朗，以宗教同源、上帝唯一和人類一家作為信仰宗旨。從巴海花園可眺望海法港及地中海，景色壯麗怡人。
Mukhraka
Mukhraka was
the traditional
place Elijah
fought with Baal prophesies.
Taanach他納
Joshua
12:21
12:21 the king of Taanach (one),
the king of
Megiddo (one),
Joshua 17:11
17:11 Within
Issachar’s and Asher’s territory Manasseh was assigned Beth Shean, Ibleam, the
residents of Dor, En Dor, the residents of Taanach, the residents of Megiddo,
the three of Napheth, and the towns surrounding all these cities.
Joshua 21:25
21:25 From
the half-tribe of Manasseh they assigned Taanach and Gath Rimmon, along with
the grazing areas of each—a total of two cities.
Judges 1:27
1:27 The
men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shan, Taanach, or their surrounding towns.
Nor did they conquer the people living in Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo or their
surrounding towns. The Canaanites managed to remain in those areas.
Judges 5:19
5:19 Kings came, they fought;
the kings of
Canaan fought,
at Taanach by the
waters of Megiddo,
but they took no
silver as plunder.
1 Kings 4:12
4:12 Baana
son of Ahilud was in charge of Taanach and Megiddo, as well as all of Beth Shan
next to Zarethan below Jezreel, from Beth Shan to Abel Meholah and on past
Jokmeam.
1 Chronicles 7:29
7:29 On
the border of Manasseh’s territory were Beth-Shean and its surrounding towns,
Taanach and its surrounding towns, Megiddo and its surrounding towns, and Dor
and its surrounding towns. The descendants of Joseph, Israel’s son, lived here.
[10]
海法 Haifa：美麗的港口 Beautiful shore
海法位於地中海亞柯灣的南端，迦密山的北麓，城的東南方為源自耶斯列谷的基順河出海處。海法原是腓尼基人的一個小漁港(Shikmona)，當地漁民以貝殼類動物 (murex snails) 製成有名的皇家紫色 (Royal Purple) 染料而聞名。至第三世紀，此地才成為一個大鎮，有大量猶太人聚居於此。至主曆636 年為阿拉伯人所據，在Umayyad andAbbasid Caliphates統治時期(第7至11世紀)，海法和埃及之間的貿易往來既頻繁亦繁榮。當十字軍於主曆1100年攻打海法，並經一番激戰後將之奪取。此後，這地因戰爭的毀壞，繁榮就中止，僅是以一漁、農小村存在。至1265年穆斯林滿美露(Mameluke)再一次攻佔海法，破壞更為嚴重，此後就荒蕪了五百餘年。在第一次世界大戰後的英國託管時期，海法開始工業化，並作為統治巴勒斯坦的首府。1948年復國後，海法成爲猶太人移居以色列的入口門戶，使海法蓬勃發展，有一日千里之勢，現已成為今日以色列的第三大城，是工商業的中心，被視為以色列的「矽谷」；海法更是以色列最重要的商港，港口可容巨輪，碼頭設備完善，建有造船廠、煉油廠等。海法有著古代巴格達空中花園之稱的巴哈伊花園(The Bahá'í Gardens)，景色壯麗怡人。附近迦密山的Mukhraka，有記念以利亞的教堂及雕像，相傳為先知以利亞戰勝眾巴力先知的地方。
Kishon Pass 基順通道
Judges
5:21
5:21 The Kishon River carried them off;
the river
confronted them—the Kishon River.
Step on the necks
of the strong!
1 Kings 18:40
18:40 Elijah
told them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Don’t let even one of them escape!” So
they seized them, and Elijah led them down to the Kishon Valley and executed
them there.
Psalm 83:9
83:9 Do to them as you did to Midian—
as you did to
Sisera and Jabin at the Kishon River! [11]
求你待他們，如待米甸，
Ramoth
Gilead 基列的拉末
耶戶被膏立為王的地方（王下9：1）
2
Kings 9:1
Jehu Becomes King
9:1 Now
Elisha the prophet summoned a member of the prophetic guild and told him, “Tuck
your robes into your belt, take this container of olive oil in your hand, and
go to Ramoth Gilead.
2 Kings 9:4
9:4 So
the young prophet went to Ramoth Gilead.
2 Kings 9:14
9:14 Then
Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi conspired against Joram.
Jehu
the Assassin
Now Joram had been in Ramoth
Gilead with the whole Israelite army, guarding against an invasion by King Hazael
of Syria.
1 Chronicles 6:80
6:80 Within
the territory of the tribe of Gad: Ramoth in Gilead and its pasturelands,
Mahanaim and its pasturelands,
2 Chronicles 18:2
18:2 and
after several years went down to visit Ahab in Samaria. Ahab slaughtered many
sheep and cattle to honor Jehoshaphat and those who came with him. He persuaded
him to join in an attack against Ramoth Gilead.
2 Chronicles 18:3
18:3 King
Ahab of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “Will you go with me to attack Ramoth Gilead?”
Jehoshaphat replied to the king of Israel, “I will support you; my army is at
your disposal and will support you in battle.”
2 Chronicles 18:5
18:5 So
the king of Israel assembled 400 prophets and asked them, “Should we attack
Ramoth Gilead or not?” They said, “Attack! God will hand it over to the king.”
2 Chronicles 18:11
18:11 All
the prophets were prophesying the same, saying, “Attack Ramoth Gilead! You will
succeed; the Lord will hand it
over to the king!”
2 Chronicles 18:14
18:14 Micaiah
came before the king and the king asked him, “Micaiah, should we attack Ramoth
Gilead or not?” He answered him, “Attack! You will succeed; they will be handed
over to you.”
2 Chronicles 18:19
18:19 The
Lord said, ‘Who will deceive King
Ahab of Israel, so he will attack Ramoth Gilead and die there?’ One said this
and another that.
2 Chronicles 18:28
18:28 The
king of Israel and King Jehoshaphat of Judah attacked Ramoth Gilead. [13]
Ascent Gur
姑珥坡
Dothan 多坍
2
Kings 6:13
6:13 The
king ordered, “Go, find out where he is, so I can send some men to capture
him.” The king was told, “He is in Dothan.”
亞蘭王要殺以利沙
Ibleam以伯蓮
耶戶將猶大王亞哈謝在此地殺傷（王下9：27），亞哈謝死在米及多
Joshua
17:11
17:11 Within
Issachar’s and Asher’s territory Manasseh was assigned Beth Shean, Ibleam, the
residents of Dor, En Dor, the residents of Taanach, the residents of Megiddo,
the three of Napheth, and the towns surrounding all these cities.
Judges 1:27
1:27 The
men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shan, Taanach, or their surrounding towns.
Nor did they conquer the people living in Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo or their
surrounding towns. The Canaanites managed to remain in those areas.
2 Kings 9:27
9:27 When
King Ahaziah of Judah saw what happened, he took off up the road to Beth
Haggan. Jehu chased him and ordered, “Shoot him too.” They shot him while he
was driving his chariot up the ascent of Gur near Ibleam. He fled to Megiddo
and died there.
2 Kings 15:10
15:10 Shallum
son of Jabesh conspired against him; he assassinated him in Ibleam and took his
place as king. [14]
Plain of Asher
亞設平原
Genesis
30:13
30:13 Leah
said, “How happy I am, for women will call me happy!” So she named him Asher.
Genesis 35:26
35:26 The sons of Zilpah, Leah’s servant, were Gad
and Asher.
These were the sons of Jacob who were born
to him in Paddan Aram.
Genesis 46:17
46:17 The sons of Asher:
Imnah, Ishvah,
Ishvi, Beriah, and Serah their sister.
The sons of
Beriah were Heber and Malkiel.
Genesis 49:20
49:20 Asher’s food will be rich,
and he will
provide delicacies to royalty.
Exodus 1:4
1:4 Dan
and Naphtali, Gad and Asher.
Numbers 1:13
1:13 from Asher, Pagiel son of Ocran;
Numbers 1:40
1:40 From
the descendants of Asher: According to the records of their clans and families,
all the males twenty years old or older who could serve in the army were listed
by name.
Numbers 1:41
1:41 Those
of them who were numbered from the tribe of Asher were 41,500.
Numbers 2:27
2:27 Those
who will be camping next to them are the tribe of Asher. The leader of the
people of Asher is Pagiel son of Ocran.
Numbers 13:13
13:13 from
the tribe of Asher, Sethur son of Michael;
Numbers 26:46
26:46 Now
the name of the daughter of Asher was Serah.
Deuteronomy 27:13
27:13 And
these other tribes must stand for the curse on Mount Ebal: Reuben, Gad, Asher,
Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.
Deuteronomy 33:24
Blessing on Asher
33:24 Of
Asher he said:
Asher is blessed
with children,
may he be favored
by his brothers
and may he dip
his foot in olive oil.
Joshua 17:7
17:7 The
border of Manasseh went from Asher to Micmethath which is near Shechem. It then
went south toward those who live in Tappuah.
Joshua 17:10
17:10 Ephraim’s
territory was to the south, and Manasseh’s to the north. The sea was Manasseh’s
western border and their territory touched Asher on the north and Issachar on
the east.
Joshua 17:11
17:11 Within
Issachar’s and Asher’s territory Manasseh was assigned Beth Shean, Ibleam, the
residents of Dor, En Dor, the residents of Taanach, the residents of Megiddo,
the three of Napheth, and the towns surrounding all these cities.
Joshua 19:24
Asher’s Tribal Lands
19:24 The
fifth lot belonged to the tribe of Asher by its clans.
Joshua 19:31
19:31 This
was the land assigned to the tribe of Asher by its clans, including these
cities and their towns.
Joshua 19:34
19:34 It
turned westward to Aznoth Tabor, extended from there to Hukok, touched Zebulun
on the south, Asher on the west, and the Jordan on the east.
Joshua 21:6
21:6 Gershon’s
descendants were allotted thirteen cities from the clans of the tribe of
Issachar, and from the tribes of Asher and Naphtali and the half-tribe of
Manasseh in Bashan.
Joshua 21:30
21:30 from
the tribe of Asher: Mishal, Abdon,
Judges 1:31
1:31 The
men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco or Sidon, nor did they
conquer Ahlab, Aczib, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob.
Judges 1:32
1:32 The
people of Asher live among the Canaanites residing in the land because they did
not conquer them.
Judges 5:17
5:17 Gilead stayed put beyond the Jordan River.
As for Dan—why
did he seek temporary employment in the shipyards?
Asher remained on
the seacoast,
he stayed by his
harbors.
Judges 6:35
6:35 He
sent messengers throughout Manasseh and summoned them to follow him as well. He
also sent messengers throughout Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali, and they came up
to meet him.
Judges 7:23
7:23 Israelites
from Naphtali, Asher, and Manasseh answered the call and chased the Midianites.
1 Kings 4:16
4:16 Baana
son of Hushai was in charge of Asher and Aloth.
1 Chronicles 2:2
2:2 Dan,
Joseph, and Benjamin;
Naphtali, Gad, and Asher.
1 Chronicles 6:62
6:62 The
clans of Gershom’s descendants received thirteen cities within the territory of
the tribes of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Manasseh (in Bashan).
1 Chronicles 6:74
6:74 Within
the territory of the tribe of Asher: Mashal and its pasturelands, Abdon and its
pasturelands,
1 Chronicles 7:30
Asher’s Descendants
7:30 The
sons of Asher:
Imnah, Ishvah, Ishvi, and Beriah. Serah was
their sister.
1 Chronicles 7:40
7:40 All
these were the descendants of Asher. They were the leaders of their families,
the most capable men, who were warriors and served as head chiefs. There were
26,000 warriors listed in their genealogical records as capable of doing
battle.
1 Chronicles 12:36
12:36 From
Asher there were 40,000 warriors prepared for battle.
2 Chronicles 30:11
30:11 But
some men from Asher, Manasseh, and Zebulun humbled themselves and came to
Jerusalem.
Ezekiel 48:2
48:2 Next
to the border of Dan, from the east side to the west, Asher will have one
portion.
Ezekiel 48:3
48:3 Next
to the border of Asher from the east side to the west, Naphtali will have one
portion.
Ezekiel 48:34
48:34 On
the west side, one and one-half miles in length, there will be three gates: one
gate for Gad, one gate for Asher, and one gate for Naphtali.
Luke 2:36
The Testimony of Anna
2:36 There
was also a prophetess, Anna the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher. She
was very old, having been married to her husband for seven years until his
death.
Revelation 7:6
7:6 from the tribe of Asher, twelve thousand,
from the tribe of
Naphtali, twelve thousand,
from the tribe of
Manasseh, twelve thousand, [15]
Acco 亞科
Judges
1:31
1:31 The
men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco or Sidon, nor did they
conquer Ahlab, Aczib, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob. [16]
[1] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 12:22–21:34.
[2] The Holy Bible.
Chinese Union Version., Shangti Edition, Traditional Script.
(Hong Kong: Hong Kong Bible Society, 2005), Jos 21:34.
[3] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jdg 4:6–Ho 5:1.
[4] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 11:1–13.
[5] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), 2 Sa 1:6–1 Ch 10:8.
[6] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Ge 46:13–1 Ch 7:1.
[7] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 19:14.
[8] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jdg 7:1.
[9] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 12:22–Am 9:3.
[10] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 12:21–1 Ch 7:29.
[11] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jdg 5:21–Ps 83:9.
[12] The Holy Bible.
Chinese Union Version., Shangti Edition, Traditional Script.
(Hong Kong: Hong Kong Bible Society, 2005), Ps 83:9.
[13] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), 2 Ki 9:1–2 Ch 18:28.
[14] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jos 17:11–2 Ki 15:10.
[15] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Ge 30:13–Re 7:6.
[16] Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First
Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical
Studies Press, 2005), Jdg 1:31.
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